Mobility-on-demand public transport toward spatial justice: Shared mobility or Mobility as a Service

As a type of urban transport service, mobility-on-demand (MOD), such as shared mobility (SM) and Mobility as a Service (MaaS), is gaining popularity worldwide. However, whether MOD increases or decreases social inequality has presented conflicting evidence and led to debates. To fully assess the potential effects of new MOD public transport on social inequality from a spatial perspective, this study constructs an assessment framework of spatial justice based on MOD accessibility and travelers' socioeconomic status by using house price as proxy, taking Chengdu as a case study. It tests eight MOD public transport scenarios and classifies them into MaaS and SM types by using multi-agent modeling with mobile phone data. We found that MaaS scenarios are more likely to improve accessibility for economically disadvantaged individuals than SM scenarios.