A comprehensive review of Gaussian atmospheric dispersion models: current usage and future perspectives

This article provides an in-depth review of Gaussian atmospheric dispersion models, which are mathematical tools used to predict the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere. Such models are based on the assumption that the pollutant plume behaves predictably and that the atmospheric conditions are known. They are widely used and accepted by regulatory agencies, and can be applied to a wide range of atmospheric conditions. There are several software programs and online tools available that can be used to apply Gaussian dispersion models, which makes them accessible to a wide range of users. In this review, the theory behind this type of model is first described. An overview of the main differences between Gaussian plume and puff submodels along with their respective formulas is given. Several of the most commonly used Gaussian atmospheric dispersion packages available (UK-ADMS, AERMOD, ISCST3, POLYPHEMUS, and OML) along with related works for the period 2006-2021 are extensively reviewed. Their suitability for applications regarding environment complexity, the scale of modeling, and parameters influencing concentrations and depositions are assessed. In addition, the paper offers valuable perspectives on the current state of Gaussian dispersion models and the potential paths for their future development. Lastly, the main Gaussian model limitations are outlined. This review study may serve as a compendium for atmospheric dispersion modelers and as a reference source for many environmental and air quality scientists in the future. [GRAPHICS]