Role of calcium-sensor proteins in cell membrane repair

Cell membrane repair is a critical process used to maintain cell integrity and survival from potentially lethal chemical, and mechanical membrane injury. Rapid increases in local cal-cium levels due to a membrane rupture have been widely accepted as a trigger for multiple membrane-resealing models that utilize exocytosis, endocytosis, patching, and shedding mechanisms. Calcium-sensor proteins, such as synaptotagmins (Syt), dysferlin, S100 pro-teins, and annexins, have all been identified to regulate, or participate in, multiple modes of membrane repair. Dysfunction of membrane repair from inefficiencies or genetic alterations in these proteins contributes to diseases such as muscular dystrophy (MD) and heart dis-ease. The present review covers the role of some of the key calcium-sensor proteins and their involvement in membrane repair.