Highly graphitized biochar as nonmetallic catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate for persistent quinclorac removal in soil through both free and non-free radical pathways

To explore highly effective and nonmetallic advanced oxidation process system to alleviate the persistent herbicides contamination in agricultural soils is of great importance. In this study, a significantly graphitized biochar with abundant C = O structure is prepared as non-metallic catalyst (WCGBC800). Different from other traditional amorphous pristine biochar, WCGBC800 can accelerate the electron transfer in the system and then effectively activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to produce free (center dot OH, center dot O2-, SO4 center dot-, etc.) and non-free radicals (1O2, electron transfer, etc.). Consequently, WCGBC800 can degrade 100 % the persistent organic herbicide quinclorac (QNC, with a content of 50 mg center dot kg- 1) in soil within 20 min after PMS addition. The T.E.S.T-QSAR software simulation evidence that the toxicity of degradation intermediates is much lower than QNC. The stress of QNC on rice seedlings was directly described through rice cultivation experiment. The stress of rice seedlings was relieved after WCGBC800 + PMS treatment. The growth experiment of rice seedlings also shows that with an original QNC concentration of 7 mg center dot kg- 1 in soil, the root length, root surface area, leaf length, leaf area, and leaves perimeter of rice increase of 255.30 %, 148.38 %, 207.64 %, 204.19 %, and 63.69 % respectively after detoxification by WCGBC800 + PMS system. This functional material and the WCGBC800 + PMS system provide new solutions for solving the problem of herbicide residues in soil with promising safety.