A mesoscopic model for inter-yarn friction

Friction between yarns is a crucial phenomenon in fabric manufacturing processes, and it becomes more complex when using lubrication agents to improve processing. This work presents an experimental investigation of the frictional behaviour of different combinations of yarns under dry and wet conditions, as occurring in overbraiding processes. The experiments were designed to maintain a constant yarn tension, and subsequently also a constant normal force and contact area during the test. Both the inter -yarn angle and the normal force significantly influence the friction coefficient. The additional contribution of the capillary force results in consistently higher friction coefficients for the water -lubricated yarns compared to the dry yarns. An anisotropic friction model is proposed to capture the influence of the inter -yarn angle, normal force, and capillary effects observed during the experiments. The model shows that the friction follows Amontons' friction at high external normal forces and Howell's friction at moderate normal forces.