Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope ratios reveal geographic affinity and dietary status of Ajnala skeletal remains: A forensic anthropological study

Stable isotope analysis from bones and teeth has been widely used to estimate the likely geographic locations and dietary status of individuals whose osseous remains have been retrieved from some forensic or bio-archaeological contexts. The carbon and nitrogen stable isotope signatures can provide insights into geographic affinity and dietary habits. Ajnala skeletal remains represent a serious crime against humanity committed in past by colonial rulers and by amateur archaeologists of modern times. In present study, isotopic concentrations of carbon (delta C-13) and nitrogen (delta N-15) estimated from 21 mandibular molars have been used to estimate the local or non-local status of badly damaged skeletal remains retrieved from an abandoned well at Ajnala (India). The collagen samples having C/N ratio within range of 2.8-3.6 were considered as well-preserved and non-contaminated ones. The isotope concentrations of carbon and nitrogen varied from -18.7 parts per thousand to -22.9 parts per thousand and +7.6 parts per thousand to +11.7 parts per thousand, with an average of -20.49 +/- 1.2 parts per thousand and +9.31 +/- 1.1 parts per thousand, respectively. The analysis of the obtained isotope values reflected the consumption of C-3/C-4 mixed diet by majority of the individuals, and such type of dietary habits are mainly restricted to the reported Indo-Gangatic plain of India to which slain soldiers reportedly belonged to. These observations corroborated the previous observations about the geographic affinity and dietary status of Ajnala individuals. Though C and N isotopes are by and large not the confirmed/direct indicators of geographic origin, they can provide corroboratory information to support other observations narrowing down the dietary habits of individuals of certain specific geographical regions.