Exosomes Derived from hucMSCs Primed with IFN-γ Suppress the NF-κB Signal Pathway in LPS-Induced ALI by Modulating the miR-199b-5p/AFTPH Axis

Exosomes (exos) are primarily responsible for the process of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) treatment for acute lung injury (ALI), but the mechanism remains unclear, particularly in altered microenvironment. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism of exos derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) primed with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on ALI and to propose a promising and cell-free strategy. This study extracted exos from hucMSCs supernatant primed and unprimed with IFN-gamma marked with IFN-gamma-exos and CON-exos, which were identified and traced. IFN-gamma-exos administration to ALI models suppressed the NF-kappa B signaling pathway compared to CON-exos, which were quantified through western blot and immunohistochemical staining. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction validated miR-199b-5p expression in the IFN-gamma-exos and CON-exos treatment groups. Data analysis, a dual-luciferase reporter assay, and cell transfection were conducted to investigate the target binding between miR-199b-5p and Aftiphilin (AFTPH), with AFTPH expression analyzed via cell immunofluorescence and western blot. Co-immunoprecipitation was conducted for the interaction between AFTPH and NF-kappa B p65. The result revealed that miR-199b-5p was down-regulated in the IFN-gamma-exos treatment group, which had a target binding site with AFTPH, and an interaction with NF-kappa B p65. Consequently, IFN-gamma-exos inhibited the NF-kappa B signaling pathway in ALI in vitro and in vivo through the miR-199b-5p/AFTPH axis. Our results demonstrated new directions of novel and targeted treatment for ALI.Graphical AbstractThe mechanism diagrams of the NF-kappa B signaling pathway in ALI regulated by IFN-gamma-exos. Functional exosomes derived from hucMSCs primed with IFN-gamma, which mediates miR-199b-5p targets AFTPH and negatively regulates the NF-kappa B signaling pathway to inhibit the production of NLRP3, GSDMD, caspase-1, and IL-1 beta, attenuating the inflammatory response on LPS-induced ALI.