Bardeen black hole thermodynamics from topological perspective

In this paper, we use the generalized off-shell Helmholtz free energy method to explore the thermodynamic properties of Bardeen black holes (BD BHs) from a topological perspective based on Duan's topological current & phi; -mapping. We consider various structures of BD BHs, including regular BD-AdS BHs, BDAdS BHs in Kiselev's model of quintessence, BD BHs in massive gravity (MG), and BD BHs in 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (EGB) gravity. We demonstrate that these BHs have one topological classification (TC), i.e., TC is +1 for all BHs considered, and the addition of MG or GB terms, etc., does not change the topological numbers.& COPY; 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.