The immunostimulatory effects of Theobroma cacao L. pod husk extract via injection and dietary administrations on Macrobrachium rosenbergii and its resistance against Lactococcus garvieae

The extract from Theobroma cacao L, pod husk served as the immunostimulant to enhance the immunity and resistance against Lactococcus garvieae of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. In this study, we employed the injection method and dietary administration method to determine the effect of cocoa pod husk (CPH) on M. rosenbergii. The non-specific immune parameters and disease resistance were evaluated after the prawn injected with 1 mu g prawn(-1) CPH extract (C1), 3 mu g prawn(-1) CPH extract (C3), and 5 mu g prawn(-1) CPH extract (C5) for 1, 3, and 7 days. The results showed a significant increase of total haemocyte count (THC), differential haemocyte count (DHC), phenoloxidase (PO) activity, respiratory bursts (RBs), and phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency to L. garvieae. The non-specific immune parameters, physiological parameters, and disease resistance and growth performance were evaluated after the prawn fed with 1 g kg(-1) CPH extract diet (CD1), 3 g kg(-1) CPH extract diet (CD3) and 5 g kg(-1) CPH extract diet (CD5). The results showed a significant increase in all immune parameters and showed a significant decrease in physiological parameters. No significant difference was observed in growth performance of prawn fed with the CPH containing diet. Both injection and dietary method showed a significant increase in disease resistance against to L. garvieae. We therefore recommend that CPH extract can be used as a immunostimulant for prawn by dietary administration to regulate immune responses, and carbohydrate meta-bolism lead to enhance resistance against pathogen.