In Vivo Evaluation of Bone Regenerative Capacity of the Novel Nanobiomaterial: β-Tricalcium Phosphate Polylactic Acid-co-Glycolide (β-TCP/PLLA/PGA) for Use in Maxillofacial Bone Defects

Maxillofacial bone defects are treated by autografting or filling with synthetic materials in various forms and shapes. Electrospun nanobiomaterials are becoming popular due to their easy placement and handling; combining ideal biomaterials extrapolates better outcomes. We used a novel electrospun cotton-like fiber made from two time-tested bioresorbable materials, beta-TCP and PLLA/PGA, to check the feasibility of its application to maxillofacial bone defects through an in vivo rat mandibular bone defect model. Novel beta-TCP/PLLA/PGA and pure beta-TCP blocks were evaluated for new bone regeneration through assessment of bone volume, inner defect diameter reduction, and bone mineral density. Bioactive/osteoconductivity was checked by scoring the levels of Runt-related transcription factor x, Leptin Receptor, Osteocalcin, and Periostin biomarkers. Bone regeneration in both beta-TCP/PLLA/PGA and beta-TCP was comparable at initial timepoints. Osteogenic cell accumulation was greater in beta-TCP/PLLA/PGA than in beta-TCP at initial as well as late phases. Periostin expression was more marked in beta-TCP/PLLA/PGA. This study demonstrated comparable results between beta-TCP/PLLA/PGA and beta-TCP in terms of bone regeneration and bioactivity, even with a small material volume of beta-TCP/PLLA/PGA and a decreased percentage of beta-TCP. Electrospun beta-TCP/PLLA/PGA is an ideal nanobiomaterial for inducing bone regeneration through osteoconductivity and bioresorbability in bony defects of the maxillofacial region.