Boundedly Rational Decisions on Exploration Versus Exploitation in Alliance Portfolios: Problemistic and Slack Searches Under CEO Overconfidence

How do firms configure exploration versus exploitation in alliance portfolios under the premise of bounded rationality? From the behavioural perspective, problemistic and slack searches can be used as behavioural explanations for their configurations. Furthermore, the boundedly rational decision-maker's limited cognitive capability in the form of CEO overconfidence also causes the subjective interpretation of information. This study investigates the links between below-aspiration performance, slack, and firms' boundedly rational decisions under the influence of CEO overconfidence in alliance portfolio configurations. A feasible generalized least-squares regression is performed to test the model empirically using data from 224 publicly traded high-tech firms in the United States. We find that below-aspiration performance and slack both play roles in emphasizing exploration relative to exploitation in alliance portfolios. Further, CEO overconfidence intensifies the positive roles of below-aspiration levels and slack in preference for exploration alliances. This study contributes to the bounded rationality literature by extending the implications of the behavioural theory of the firm to firms' preference in alliance portfolio configurations in terms of the exploration-to-exploitation ratio. Furthermore, our findings deepen the understanding of the role of overconfidence in CEOs' subjective interpretations, thus filling a critical research gap in extant behavioural research.