Investigation of 3D-printed PNIPAM-based constructs for tissue engineering applications: a review

The Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) hydrogel has gained significant interest in the realms of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to its biocompatible characteristics and ability to replicate the properties of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). The given environment possesses three-dimensional attributes that facilitate the proliferation and specialization of cells, making it suitable for the use of tissue engineering applications. The temperature-responsive nature of PNIPAm hydrogel enables it to encapsulate and release therapeutic ingredients in response to temperature fluctuations. This characteristic exhibits potential for the advancement of drug administration systems in regenerative medicine. PNIPAm hydrogel exhibits thermoresponsive properties that make it very suitable for applications in biofabrication techniques, such as 3D printing, and for replicating intricate tissue structures. Moreover, it shows significant potential in stem cell engineering by establishing a favorable setting that promotes cell growth and specialization. The material has the potential to be used as a scaffold for tissue regeneration, allowing its porosity structure and mechanical properties to be customized to meet various tissue needs. Researchers are currently studying the integration of bioactive compounds into PNIPAm hydrogel scaffolds to enhance tissue regeneration and cellular responses. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the uses of PNIPAm in tissue engineering, specifically highlighting its strengths in additive manufacturing.