Immunoproteasome inhibition prevents progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer

BACKGROUND: Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is refractory to hormone treatment. This study aims to explore the effect and underlying mechanisms of immunoproteasome inhibition, a novel immunotherapy, on the progression of CRPC. METHODS: The immunoproteasome subunit LMP7 was silenced by using gene knockout or inhibited by the epoxyketone inhibitor ONX 0914 in a mouse CRPC tumour graft model and in interferon -y-pretreated human CRPC cell lines in vitro. RESULTS: CRPC tissues reveal a significant "tumour-elicited" Th17-type inflammatory response which induces immunoproteasome subunit expression. LMP7 deficiency in host mice or in CRPC tumour grafts had no effect on the "tumour-elicited" Th17-type inflammatory response and tumour progression. However, the selective LMP7 inhibitor ONX 0914 strongly suppressed the tumour elicited Th17-type inflammatory response and CRPC tumour progression. Treatment of wild-type mice receiving LMP7-deficient CRPC tumour grafts with ONX 0914 further suggested that immunoproteasome inhibition prevents CRPC progression through suppressing IL-17-induced angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via inactivation of COX-2/VEGF-A signalling and 13-catenin/Snail signalling. Treatment of LMP7-deficient mice receiving wild-type CRPC tumour grafts with ONX 0914 and inhibition of LMP7 in PC3 and 22Rv.1 cells with ONX 0914 showed that immunoproteasome inhibition also prevents CRPC progression through inducing CRPC cell apoptosis via activation of the unfolded protein response. CONCLUSIONS: We define a critical role of the immunoproteasome in CRPC and propose immunoproteasome inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach to suppress CRPC progression.