Patient-tailored dose reduction of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in axial spondyloarthritis

Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors have been widely used in the field of axial spondyloarthritis, with current guidelines now recommending dose reduction instead of withdrawal of biologics. Systemic review and meta- analyses in literature have summarized present tapering strategies and principles in published heterogeneous studies. In this study, we reviewed and provided an update on present evidence based on prospective and retrospective studies from 2008 to 2022 by performing a literature review of related publications on remission or relapse from PubMed. We further stated the core issues concerning dose reduction, including the timing, opti-mization, intensity, maintenance, monitoring, factors associated with tapering and solutions to de-escalation failure. Remission/relapse should be the principal consideration in dose reduction implementation for in-dividuals without comorbidities. As a treat-to-target scope of this multifaceted systemic disease, extra-articular manifestations such as uveitis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular complication, hip involvement and progressed structural damage influence patient-tailored dose reduction plans. Safety concerns and costs should be integrated into the decision-making schedule to optimize the individualized dose reduction paradigm.