Linear correlation between patellar positioning and rotation of the lower limb in radiographic imaging: a 3D simulation study

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to quantify changes in rotation of the lower limb between image pairs based on patellar position. Additionally, we investigated the differences in alignment between centralized patellar and orthograde-positioned condyles.MethodsThree-dimensional models of 30 paired legs were aligned in neutral position with condyles orthogonal to the sagittal axis and then rotated internally and externally in 1 degrees increments up to 15 degrees. For each rotation, the deviation of the patella and the subsequent changes in alignment parameters were calculated and plotted using a linear regression model. Differences between neutral position and patellar centralization were analysed qualitatively.ResultsA linear relationship between lower limb rotation and patellar position can be postulated. The regression model (R-2 = 0.99) calculated a change of the patellar position of - 0.9 mm per degree rotation and alignment parameters showed small changes due to rotation. The physiological lateralization of the patella at neutral position was on average - 8.3 mm (SD: +/- 5.4 mm). From neutral position, internal rotation that led to a centralized patella was on average - 9.8 degrees (SD: +/- 5.2 degrees).ConclusionThe approximately linear dependence of the patellar position on rotation allows an inverse estimation of the rotation during image acquisition and its influence on the alignment parameters. As there is still no absolute consensus about lower limb positioning during image acquisition, data about the impact of a centralized patella compared to an orthograde condyle positioning on alignment parameters was provided.