Newtonian Cosmology and Evolution of κ-Deformed Universe

Considering space-time to be non-commutative, we study the evolution of the universe employing the approach of Newtonian cosmology. Generalizing the conservation of energy and the first law of thermodynamics to ?-deformed space-time, we derive the modified Friedmann equations, valid up to the first order, in the deformation parameter. Analyzing these deformed equations, we derive the time evolution of the scale factor in cases of radiation-dominated, matter-dominated, and vacuum (energy)-dominated universes. We show that the rate of change of the scale factor in all three situations is modified by the non-commutativity of space-time, and this rate depends on the sign of the deformation parameter, indicating a possible explanation for the observed Hubble tension. We undertake this investigation for two different realizations of non-commutative space-time coordinates. In both cases, we also argue for the existence of bounce in the evolution of the universe.