Arsenic in natural waters of Latin-American countries: Occurrence, risk assessment, low-cost methods, and technologies for remediation

This review presents an updated dataset analysis on arsenic occurrence in Latin American countries, along with the associated risks, both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic. Arsenic was detected in various aqueous matrices at concentrations ranging from 0.009 to 32,000 mu g/L. The study differs from previous ones as it provides an indepth discussion of risks. Considering the minimum concentration values, the risk assessment revealed that most analyzed waters do not pose any non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic risks. However, the reported maximum concentrations suggested both environmental and human health risks. In most locations, the hazard index values for natural waters exceeded one (HQ > 1), which is classified as unacceptable in all locations. These results underscore the necessity of arsenic monitoring and control in water matrices, particularly those designated for human consumption. The challenges related to arsenic monitoring and removal by different processes and their feasibility in the context of Latin American countries were critically discussed. Filters and recycled membranes have been demonstrated to be effective in arsenic control in drinking waters. Overall, this review serves as a foundation for establishing more stringent legislation regarding the arsenic occurrence, emphasizing the urgent need for effective and low-cost processes that are adapted to the reality of these countries. In a broader context, the summarized results may further ensure water safety, particularly in cases where it is supplied for human consumption.