Investigating the temperature distribution of non-enclosed atriums with air infiltration in winter

Low-temperature air infiltration and vertical thermal stratification lead to an unsatisfied bottom-occupied environment of the atrium and increase the space heating load in winter. An integrated prediction model was proposed regarding the interaction between thermal stratification and air infiltration. It includes the extended Block model for predicting the vertical temperature distribution in a non-enclosed atrium, the air infiltration model for calculating the buoyancy-driven air infiltration rate, and the Velocity propagating model for describing the airflow pattern within a foyer. By applying this model, we quantitatively analysed the indoor thermal characteristics in different atrium/foyer spatial morphologies. Beyond the indoor net height, the atrium diameter is also a dominant factor affecting the flow rate of air infiltration introduced from the foyer. The lower the section aspect ratio (SAR) and the higher the bottom floor height of the atrium, the warmer the bottom-occupied environment. The foyer's buffer effect mainly promotes occupants' thermal comfort, as lengthening the foyer length increases the heating load of air infiltration into the atrium while helping reduce the horizontal tem-perature gradient (HTG) when occupants walk across. This study clarified the indoor environmental charac-teristics in such spaces in winter and explored the interrelated influencing factors. The methodology and conclusions provide insights into practical engineering.