3D Printing Progress in Gluten-Free Food-Clustering Analysis of Advantages and Obstacles

Gluten-free food is a huge group of products whose common characteristics are recipes containing non-gluten flour or starches. Most of them are bakery-related products which initially were manufactured based on the recipe containing wheat/wheat flour. Nowadays, the growth of the gluten-free food sector is mainly powered more by trends and personal choices of consumers following the "healthy choice" diet than patients with real medical conditions, who need to follow the strict gluten-free diet. 3D printing is considered a disruptive technology, and being an additive manufacturing technique contributes directly to structure/texture creation. Food 3D printing as a manufacturing technology is struggling with repeatability and precision but is still very promising as a potential problem solver, especially in texture creation, which is the main technological problem for the gluten-free bakery. The article aims to analyze, using clustering analysis, the main obstacles so far identified for gluten-free 3D printing. Meanwhile, the prospects of producing personalized food products using 3D printing and its relationship with the UN Sustainable Development Goals 2030 as the advantages of this technology were discussed. The up-to-date exploitations of 3D printing techniques in gluten-free food manufacturing were discussed.