Economic opportunities and challenges in biojet production: A literature review and analysis

Biojet has emerged for pursuing reduced emissions targets. However, global uptake of biojet has remained negligible. Sources have speculated on economic reasons for biojet's lack of commercial success, but there have been few reviews across experts that have identified key causes. We compile the views of experts through a comprehensive literature review (covering over 200 sources between 2003 and 2021) that explores opportunities and challenges (OACs) for the emerging biojet industry through an economic lens. We categorize OACs into identified factors (e.g., high costs of production) and track the number of times each factor is mentioned in the literature. We use these counts to rank OAC factors and associate these with concepts of demand and supply, and their impacts on investments in biojet. We also examine how citations of key opportunities and challenges have changed over time. The highest ranked opportunities are associated with demand-side factors (e.g., increasing demand for reduced emissions), while the highest ranked challenges are associated with supply-side factors (e.g., high costs of production). Policy considerations, which could affect demand and/or supply, are also highly ranked, but like many factors, are viewed as both opportunities and challenges. Overall, the literature is opti-mistic towards future demand, but pessimistic towards future supply, with the bottom line indicating few prospects for current investments in biojet. Given the ongoing confidence in demand for biojet, this situation could potentially change with future investments in research to reduce costs and uncertainty, along with clear and consistent policies that could incentivize biojet production.