The effect of lexical tools and applications on L2 vocabulary learning: a case of English academic core words

This study explored the effects of three types of lexical tools (MOOCs, E-dictionaries, and lexical concordancers) and three types of lexical applications (technology-mediated communication-based applications (TMCA), Anki as an e-flashcard application, and WordUp as a dedicated lexical application) on learning academic core words among a sample of 74 EFL students in six groups. Furthermore, the effectiveness of lexical applications was compared in terms of being tutor-based form-focused or tool-based meaning-focused. After the treatments that included 24 60-minute sessions, students answered a research-made test developed based on the 85 words selected from Gardner and Davies' ([2014]. "A New Academic Vocabulary List." Applied Linguistics 35 (3): 305-327) academic vocabulary list (AVL). Data analysis using one-way ANOVA and independent-sample t-test indicated that vocabulary learning occurred more through lexical applications than lexical tools. MOOCs and lexical concordancers roughly equal outperformed the e-dictionaries group. Among the lexical applications, WordUp attained better results than TMCA and Anki Flashcard Program. Anki showed more gains in academic vocabulary learning than TMCA. Furthermore, the tutor form-focused application (WorUP) was more effective than the tool-based meaning-focused applications (TMCA+ Anki Groups). The findings of this investigation imply that language teachers can use more lexical applications to enhance the knowledge of academic core words.