Wildfire smoke, environmental justice, and young children in urban Pacific Northwest communities

Pacific Northwest wildfires are expected to increase in frequency and scale, with more communities exposed to smoke. We explored the environmental justice context for wildfire smoke impact to young children in urban communities in the Pacific Northwest with a focus on Seattle, Washington. We found substantial evidence that young children are vulnerable during wildfire smoke events due to a residential building stock that was primarily built before meaningful energy codes were enacted, along with low air conditioning rates; both contribute to a high transfer of air pollutants indoors from the outdoor environment. While our results are limited to PM2.5, we suggest that preventing injustices at child care settings during wildfire smoke events depends primarily on access to real-time information, use of that information to reduce exposure, and the strategies used by policy actors to make these adaptation options available and affordable for vulnerable communities. To date, adaptation during wildfire smoke events relies on voluntary efforts which may not be effective public health remedies in general, and particularly for vulnerable communities. Licensed child care settings could provide feasible and just risk management options for urban communities in the Pacific Northwest.