The development of crop production in the northern Horn of Africa: a review of the archaeobotanical evidence

被引:1
|
作者
Ruiz-Giralt, Abel [1 ]
Beldados, Alemseged [2 ]
机构
[1] Univ Pompeu Fabra, Dept Humanitats, CASEs Culture Archaeol & Socio Ecol Dynam, Carrer Trias Fargas 25-27, Barcelona 08005, Spain
[2] Addis Ababa Univ, Coll Social Sci, Dept Archaeol & Tourism Studies, POB 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
基金
欧洲研究理事会;
关键词
Plant domestication; early agriculture; archaeobotany; Ethiopia; Horn of Africa; FOOD-PRODUCTION; AGRICULTURAL ORIGINS; DOMESTICATION; ETHIOPIA; EXPLOITATION; CULTIVATION; ARCHAEOLOGY; BEGINNINGS; HIGHLANDS; AKSUMITE;
D O I
10.1080/0067270X.2024.2316518
中图分类号
K85 [文物考古];
学科分类号
0601 ;
摘要
This article presents a synthesis of the hypotheses and evidence for plant domestication and the origins of agriculture in the northern Horn of Africa. To date, available archaeological data point to an introduction of agricultural practices to Ethiopia during the late Holocene, c. 1600 BC, influenced by adjacent areas including eastern Sudan, Egypt and southern Arabia. The archaeobotanical record shows that farming in the northern highlands was based on the cultivation of barley, linseed and lentils, combined with the exploitation of local wild grasses from the Panicoideae and Chloridoideae sub-families. This indicates that local populations also played a role in the development of productive activities in the region, a process that might have been in place before the arrival of the southwest Asian agricultural package. After the first millennium BC, amidst an increase in sedentary settlements in the region, new domesticated crops appeared in the archaeological record. These include exogenous crops such as emmer wheat, but also indigenous plants such as t'ef and noog, which were locally domesticated likely throughout the Pre-Aksumite period. With the rise of the Aksumite Kingdom, c. 50 BC - AD 700, the agricultural package again expanded to include of a wide range of pulses, geophytes and other economic crops. Macrobotanical remains of sorghum and finger millet also appear for the first time during this period, although this contrasts with the microbotanical record of the region, which points to an earlier presence. In the southern highlands and southwest Ethiopia, evidence of Plectranthus edulis (Vatke) Agnew (Ethiopian potato or Oromo potato) has been identified by the late first millennium BC, pointing towards an earlier domestication than previously considered. Similarly, enset and coffee remains have been documented during the early first millennium AD. Altogether, new studies are needed to confirm some of these hypotheses, as archaeobotanical studies in the northern Horn are still limited. The combination of macrobotanical and microbotanical data, along with ethnoarchaeological and experimental research programs and linguistic studies, will be of critical importance for refining our current understanding of the processes associated with plant domestication and the introduction of crop production in the region. Cet article presente une synthese des hypotheses et des donnees relatives a la domestication des plantes et aux origines de l'agriculture dans le nord de la Corne de l'Afrique. A l'etat actuel, les donnees archeologiques indiquent une introduction de pratiques agricoles en ethiopie a la fin de l'Holocene, c. 1600 avant J.-C., a travers l'influence de zones adjacentes, notamment l'est du Soudan, l'egypte et le sud de l'Arabie. Les archives archeobotaniques demontrent que l'agriculture dans les hautes terres du nord etait basee sur la culture de l'orge, du lin et des lentilles, combinee a l'exploitation d'herbes sauvages locales des sous-familles Panicoideae et Chloridoideae. Cela indique que les populations locales jouerent egalement un role dans le developpement d'activites productives dans la region, un processus possiblement en place avant l'arrivee de l'ensemble agricole d'Asie du Sud-Ouest. Apres le premier millenaire avant J.-C., au moment d'une augmentation des etablissements sedentaires dans la region, de nouvelles plantes domestiquees apparaissent dans les archives archeologiques. Il s'agit de cultures exogenes telles que le ble amidonnier, mais egalement de plantes indigenes telles que le t'ef et le noog qui furent domestiquees localement, sans doute tout au long de la periode pre-aksoumite. Avec la montee du royaume aksoumite, de c. 50 avant J.-C. a 700 apres J.-C., l'ensemble agricole s'est a nouveau elargi pour inclure une vaste gamme de legumineuses, de geophytes et d'autres cultures economiques. Des restes macrobotaniques de sorgho et d'eleusine apparaissent egalement pour la premiere fois au cours de cette periode, bien que cela contraste avec les archives microbotaniques de la region, qui indiquent une presence anterieure. Dans les hautes terres du sud et dans le sud-ouest de l'ethiopie, des restes de Plectranthus edulis (Vatke) Agnew (pomme de terre ethiopienne ou pomme de terre Oromo) sont identifies a la fin du premier millenaire avant J.-C., indiquant une domestication plus precoce qu'on ne l'avait auparavant envisage. De meme, des restes d'ensete et de cafe ont ete documentes au debut du premier millenaire apres J.-C. De nouvelles etudes sont necessaires pour confirmer certaines de ces hypotheses, car les etudes archeobotaniques dans la Corne du Nord restent limitees. La combinaison des donnees macrobotaniques et microbotaniques, ainsi que des programmes de recherche ethnoarcheologiques et experimentales et d'etudes linguistiques, seront d'une importance cruciale pour affiner notre comprehension des processus associes a la domestication des plantes et a l'introduction de la production vegetale dans la region.
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页码:183 / 212
页数:30
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