Ammonia emissions from nitrogen fertilised agricultural soils: controlling factors and solutions for emission reduction

Rationale. Ammonia (NH3) emissions from inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilisers applied to agricultural soils have negative implications for environmental quality and human health. Despite this, efforts to reduce NH3 emissions in the UK have achieved limited success. This study aims to provide an overview of NH3 emissions from UK and Ireland agricultural soils receiving N fertilisers, their regulating factors and the potential role of inhibitors in reducing current NH3 losses. Methodology. A systematic literature search was performed to identify relevant experimental data and studies, and the extracted data (total of 298 field fertilisation events) were categorised and analysed systematically.Results NH3 emissions ranged from -4.00 to 77.00% of applied fertiliser-N lost as NH3. In addition to fertiliser type, NH3 losses were also significantly affected by land-use type and soil pH. Urease and combined urease and nitrification inhibitors significantly reduced emissions by 74.50 and 70.00% compared to uninhibited-urea respectively. Discussion. In addition to fertiliser types, land-use and soil pH were found as factors for consideration as modifiers to the maximum NH3 emission factor (EFmax) values currently used in the UK, in order to improve estimations of NH3 emissions, particularly from non-urea fertilisers. This is imperative as NH3 losses exceeded current EFmax limits, particularly in the case of non-urea fertilisers, by similar to 34%, implying that NH3 emissions estimated from UK synthetic fertiliser require further refinements. NH3 losses are not completely inhibited, inhibitors cannot be solely relied upon for tackling NH3 emissions from UK and Ireland fertiliser usage and further research is needed into alternative mitigation methods to further reduce NH3 losses.