Advances in 2d based field effect transistors as biosensing platforms: From principle to biomedical applications

Two-dimensional (2d) materials have been used extensively in various fields due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Among their diverse applications, field-effect transistor biosensors (bio-FETs) promise a brilliant prospect in the fabrication of biodevices for diagnostics, especially point-of-care (PoC) based biomedical testing. The introduction of 2d nanomaterials as a sensing platform not only promotes their bioassay process but also provides label-free, low-cost, real-time, highly sensitive, and selective detection of different biomolecules. Several advantages make 2d-based bio-FETs valuable for biosensing applications, including their large effective surface area, environment-dependent conductivity, easy functionalization, and biocompatibility. This review focuses comprehensively on 2d-based bio-FETs and more on both dry and wet states. In this regard, these bio-FETs are classified into four categories including Apta, DNA (Geno), Immuno, and enzymatic biosensors. The configuration, detection mechanism, and electrical signal processing of each category are discussed in response to different biotargets. Finally, their promising roles as PoC testing devices for modern medicine are discussed in biomedical (real) samples.