Optimizing Management of the Qinling-Daba Mountain Area Based on Multi-Scale Ecosystem Service Supply and Demand

Accurately identifying the supply and demand of ecosystem services at multiple scales and determining the factors that influence the supply-demand relationship are crucial for guiding the sustainable management and restoration of regional ecosystem services. In view of this, we quantified the supply and demand of five ecosystem services at multiple scales in the Qinling-Daba Mountain area based on spatial and statistical data, exploring the relationships between the supply and demand for ecosystem services at multiple scales and examining the mechanisms by which factors like natural and human activities affect the evolution of the supply and demand patterns of these services. The results show that (1) there was no risk associated with supply and demand of ESs in the Qinling-Daba Mountain area, and numerous ESs were in excess. The impact of ES supply and demand became increasingly clear as the spatial scale was increased. (2) Under multiple spatial scales, the relationship between the supply and demand of ESs will change. At the mesoscale, the relationship between ES supply and demand was the most significant, whereas at the macroscale, the relationship between ES demands was the most significant. (3) Cultivated land, grass land, and forest land are the key land use categories in regional ecosystem service hotspots, providing richer ecosystem service functions for the region. (4) Precipitation and NDVI are the main elements determining the supply of ecosystem services. While GDP and population density have a significant impact on the demand for ecosystem services, natural causes are primarily responsible for trade-offs in ecosystem services. This study aims to evaluate the supply-demand relationship and driving factors of multiple scale in the Qinling-Daba Mountains, providing a scientific basis for the sustainable management of ecosystems in the region.