Zn-based batteries for energy storage

Zn-based electrochemistry is considered to be the most promising alternative to Li-ion batteries due to its abundant reserves and cost-effectiveness. In addition, aqueous electrolytes are more convenient to be used in Zn-based batteries due to their good compatibility with Zn-chemistry, thereby reducing cost and improving safety. Furthermore, Zn2+/Zn couples involve two-electron redox chemistry, which can provide higher theoretical energy capacity and energy density. Based on this, a series of Zn-based battery systems, including Zn-ion batteries, Zn-air batteries, and Zn-based redox flow batteries, have received more and more research attention. Here, the fundamentals and recent advances in Zn-based rechargeable batteries are presented, along with perspectives on further research directions.