Recent advances in the application of bismuth-based catalysts for degrading environmental emerging organic contaminants through photocatalysis: A review

The presence of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) has raised concerns due to their potential hazard to ecosystems and human health. As a results, there is an urgent need for efficient processes to degrade residual EOCs. Photocatalysis technology has emerged as a promising method for environmental remediation, offering high oxidation efficiency, operational ease, and environmental compatibility. Bismuth-based photocatalysts, among various catalysts, have shown progress in environmental remediation, owing to their unique band structure, excellent charge carrier transport, and environmental friendliness compared to traditional catalysts. This review aims to present recent advancements in bismuth-based photocatalysts for treating environmental organic pollutants, particularly EOCs. First, we compare various bismuth-based photocatalysts and discuss five modification strategies, with particular emphasis on BiOX material and Z/S-scheme heterostructure formation. These approaches are worthy of advocacy due to their unique internal electric field and appropriate band gap. Subsequently, we investigate the degradation behaviors of EOCs using bismuth-based photocatalysts, including brominated flame retardants (BFRs), pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and microplastics. Furthermore, we delve into the factors influencing the degradation process, the associated mechanisms, and relevant practical applications based on bismuth-based photocatalysts. In conclusion, this review evaluates the possible challenges and obstacles and provides theoretical and empirical support for the practical application of bismuth-based photocatalysts in real-world environments. The novelty of this review lies in its analysis of the gap, influencing factors, degradation mechanisms, and practical application of bismuth-based photocatalysts for EOCs treatment.