Spatial distribution vegetation density, land surface temperature, and land surface moisture of Banda Aceh, Indonesia after 17 years of tsunami: a multitemporal analysis approaches

Although some studies on vegetation cover in relation to the land surface temperature (LST) and land surface moisture (LSM) have been carried out, but not yet been investigated in relation to the pre-disaster and after-tsunami disasters. This paper investigates the spatial extent of vegetation cover density, land surface temperature, and land surface moisture of Banda Aceh from 2000 to 2020 to represent the pre-disaster phase, during the disas-ter, post-disaster, rehabilitation, and reconstruction stages, and current conditions using remote sensing data. NDVI, LST, and NDMI indexes were utilized, and the mapping process of multitemporal images of Banda Aceh was carried out. The results show that after the tsunami, the distribution of vegetation den-sity varies, tending to decrease for densely vegetated areas before increasing more than 5 years later. For medium categories, the vegetation density increased by 22% in 2020 and almost 26% in 2015. Meanwhile, dense vegetation grew by 19% and 13%, respectively, according to data for 2015 and 2020. In a similar out-look, the increasing vegetation density has demon-strated that the LST across Banda Aceh is dominated by 27-30 degrees C, with 2005 data occupying the coldest area. The city's moderate moisture content covered 85.43% of its surface. The low to medium vegeta-tion density, LST, and LSM indexes from 2000 to 2010 is shown by overlaying a combination of three spatial extent indexes. It is shown that Banda Aceh's medium-to-high density, medium LSM, and medium -to-high LST spatially. Banda Aceh's dynamic changes in vegetation, LST, and LSM over the past two dec-ades have been proven in this research; the Banda Aceh's spatial variation in vegetation density, LST, and LSM is influenced by the tsunami.