brown spider;
Loxosceles;
venom;
toxin;
hemolysis;
acute renal failure;
BROWN RECLUSE SPIDER;
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY;
SPHINGOMYELINASE D ACTIVITY;
D DERMONECROTIC TOXIN;
HEMOLYTIC-ANEMIA;
MOLECULAR-CLONING;
FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATION;
PLASMA-EXCHANGE;
VENOM;
INTERMEDIA;
D O I:
10.3390/toxins15010017
中图分类号:
TS2 [食品工业];
学科分类号:
0832 ;
摘要:
Bites of Loxosceles spiders can lead to a set of clinical manifestations called loxoscelism, and are considered a public health problem in many regions. The signs and symptoms of loxoscelism are divided into cutaneous and systemic forms. The former is more frequent and includes signs of envenoming at the bite site or neighboring regions. Systemic loxoscelism, although much less frequent, is associated with complications, and can even lead to death. It may include intravascular hemolysis, acute renal failure, and thrombocytopenia. Loxosceles venoms are enriched with phospholipases D (PLDs), which are a family of isoforms found at intra-species and inter-species levels. Under experimental conditions, these enzymes reproduce the main clinical signs of loxoscelism, including an exacerbated inflammatory response at the bite site and dermonecrosis, as well as thrombocytopenia, intravascular hemolysis, and acute renal failure. The role of PLDs in cutaneous loxoscelism was described over forty years ago, when studies identified and purified toxins featured as sphingomyelinase D. More recently, the production of recombinant PLDs and discoveries about their structure and mechanism has enabled a deeper characterization of these enzymes. In this review, we describe these biochemical and functional features of Loxosceles PLDs that determine their involvement in systemic loxoscelism.
机构:
John Hunter Hosp, Dept Traumatol, HRMC, Locked Bag 1, Newcastle, NSW 2310, Australia
Univ Newcastle, Univ Dr, Callaghan, NSW 2308, AustraliaJohn Hunter Hosp, Dept Traumatol, HRMC, Locked Bag 1, Newcastle, NSW 2310, Australia
King, Kate L.
Dewar, David C.
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机构:
John Hunter Hosp, Dept Traumatol, HRMC, Locked Bag 1, Newcastle, NSW 2310, Australia
Univ Newcastle, Univ Dr, Callaghan, NSW 2308, AustraliaJohn Hunter Hosp, Dept Traumatol, HRMC, Locked Bag 1, Newcastle, NSW 2310, Australia
Dewar, David C.
Briggs, Gabrielle D.
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机构:
John Hunter Hosp, Dept Traumatol, HRMC, Locked Bag 1, Newcastle, NSW 2310, AustraliaJohn Hunter Hosp, Dept Traumatol, HRMC, Locked Bag 1, Newcastle, NSW 2310, Australia
Briggs, Gabrielle D.
Jones, Mark
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机构:
Hunter Med Res Inst, Locked Bag 1000, New Lambton, Newcastle, NSW 2305, AustraliaJohn Hunter Hosp, Dept Traumatol, HRMC, Locked Bag 1, Newcastle, NSW 2310, Australia
Jones, Mark
Balogh, Zsolt J.
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机构:
John Hunter Hosp, Dept Traumatol, HRMC, Locked Bag 1, Newcastle, NSW 2310, Australia
Univ Newcastle, Univ Dr, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
Univ Newcastle, John Hunter Hosp, Dept Traumatol, Newcastle, NSW 2300, AustraliaJohn Hunter Hosp, Dept Traumatol, HRMC, Locked Bag 1, Newcastle, NSW 2310, Australia