Highly efficient lead-free perovskite solar cells design through SCAPS-1D simulations

Organic metal halide perovskites-based photovoltaics have received a lot of attention due to their improved efficiency, easy fabrication, functionality, and adjustability. However the presence of lead, a toxic substance, tends to raise numerous issues regarding the environment and the health of living creatures, obstructing their potential commercial viability. As a result, numerous lead-free PVK solar cells have indeed been proposed; however, the obtainable conversion efficiency from these devices is inadequate due to certain inherent losses. Accordingly, a suitable numerical investigation is required to comprehend the cause of these losses to improve efficiency. To attain the maximum possible efficiencies, the outcome of a specific modeling approach for organic lead-free solar cells, namely methylammonium tin iodide (MASnI3) is being explored. The present simulation sandwiched MASnI3 layers in the PSC with an electron transport layer of C60 and a hole transport material of CuI. To evaluate the various performance parameters, the devices are undergoing further optimization and analysis of the active layer thicknesses, operating temperature, and defect density, respectively. The MASnI3-based PSC accomplished an optimum conversion efficiency of more than 24%. This analysis's findings may help establish the method for the manufacturing process of lead-free PVK solar cells by boosting higher efficiency.