Assessing the Diversity of Ant-Associated Silverfish (Insecta: Zygentoma) in Mediterranean Countries: The Most Important Hotspot for Lepismatidae in Western Palaearctic

The Mediterranean Basin is considered one of the most important hotspots of biodiversity in the European region. Many taxa exhibit high levels of speciation and endemicity in this area. This is the case of the myrmecophilous insects of the families Lepismatidae and Nicoletiidae (Insecta: Zygentoma) that are further assessed in this study using unpublished and bibliographic data. A complete checklist of all ant-associated silverfish occurring in the Mediterranean Basin is presented, together with an updated identification key and interesting new records for several countries. Considering all described Zygentoma species, the myrmecophilous silverfish of the Mediterranean area represent 28% of all ant-associated species of the world and about 35% of the studied area. Even with the scarce knowledge of Zygentoma in other biogeographic areas and with insufficient sampling in other continents, we conclude that the Mediterranean region, and neighbouring areas of the Western Palaearctic, represent the most important biodiversity hotspot of ant-associated Lepismatidae (about 30% of the myrmecophilous species of this family described in the world so far), while the highest diversity of myrmecophilous Atelurinae is linked to tropical regions.