Earthquake impacts on a protected pinniped in New Zealand

1. The impacts of natural disasters on marine mammals are poorly understood and difficult to study, which can hamper management responses following such events. 2. This study provides the first distribution and abundance assessment of New Zealand fur seal (NZFS: Arctocephalus forsteri) colonies around Kaikoura, New Zealand, since a 7.8 magnitude earthquake in November 2016 caused substantial changes to both the local marine and terrestrial environments, and led to the reconstruction of a major highway that runs adjacent to NZFS colonies. 3. Mark-recapture and direct counts in the 2022-2023 breeding season estimated pup production for NZFS breeding colonies along the Kaikoura coast. Using established multipliers, pup estimates were used to provide the first comprehensive population estimate for Kaikoura's NZFS population since the earthquake. 4. Three new colonies and three new subcolonies were assessed and recorded, additional to reassessments of two established colonies. Overall, Kaikoura's NZFS population has grown and spread post-earthquake, with an upper total population estimate of between 21,560 and 28,327 animals in the 2022-2023 breeding season. Some sites, such as Lynch's Reef, appear to have benefited from earthquake-induced coastal uplift, with pup production increasing. Contrastingly, the estimated 2,401 (+/- 99) pups produced at (O) over bar hau Point in 2023 is similar to preearthquake estimates. This indicates that the earthquake has disrupted previously documented growth at this site. The distribution of NZFS breeding at (O) over bar hau Point has also changed substantially since the last pre-earthquake assessment. 5. From these findings, alterations to the (O) over bar hau Point New Zealand Fur Seal Sanctuary and similar protections at other locations on the Kaik (o) over bar ura coast are suggested, as greater numbers of NZFSs are now accessible to human interaction and disturbance. The results demonstrate both how natural disasters and subsequent infrastructure modifications can impact coastal species and how conservation measures may need to be amended accordingly.