Implementation of DC net metering scheme in off-board EV charging systems with a time of usage capability

Dynamic pricing is one of the most significant aspects of strengthening the existing power grid. The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) increases the average electricity demand and peak power consumption. Meanwhile, the uncoordinated EV charging makes the condition even more severe by widening the gap between power supply and demand. Consequently, it demands the reinforcement of the current electricity network. However, a net-metering policy based on time of usage (TOU) pricing helps in demand side management including vehicle-to-grid (V2G) scheduling. It reduces the impact of peak load and provides incentives for all EV owners and utility operators. In this research, a problem has been formulated to reduce the electricity bill with TOU-critical peak pricing (CPP)/peak time rebate (PTR) based tariff structure to coordinate the EV charging. The economic analysis of the flat and proposed pricing structure has been discussed with the help of case studies. Further, the DC net meter designed and developed by the authors has been tested on the proposed pricing scheme to minimize the losses and improvise the load curve.