Technologies and Sustainability-Challenges for Democracy and Education in Our Time

In this essay, we discuss some urgent challenges for democracy and education in the Deweyan sense in connection with current developments of technologies and questions of sustainability. We proceed in four major parts, following the systematic distinction of four mutually interrelated levels of technologies in culture found in the late work of Michel Foucault. In part 1, we focus on the technologies of production. We connect Foucault's perspective with more recent research on questions of social inequality and the production and distribution of wealth. In part 2, we address the level of technologies of sign systems, connecting Foucault's perspective with critical approaches like Chomsky and Zuboff. In part 3, we turn to the level of technologies of power and domination. We use Crouch's approach to post-democracy in order to examine some crucial dangers for democracy. In part 4, we look at the level of technologies of the self. We consider connections with contemporary constructivist as well as Deweyan perspectives in education that emphasize the role of relationships and processes of social self-creation. The essay closes with a summary of the most important conclusions of our discussion.