Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Cattle in Three Districts in Central Ethiopia

Simple Summary Endoparasites are a major problem in cattle farming worldwide, but their diffusion and abundance are poorly known in many low-income countries, where ruminants are mostly raised extensively. This study investigated the diffusion of gastrointestinal parasites in an area of central Ethiopia and identified the factors that are facilitating their presence. A total of 691 samples were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative tests to detect this presence and to estimate the burden from different groups of parasites. The influence of individual (age, sex and body condition) and environmental (agroecology and season) factors was statistically evaluated. The groups of parasites more prevalent in the investigated cattle population were gastro-intestinal strongyles (50%) and coccidian protozoa (36%), followed by cestodes (16%). Other parasites were sporadically found. The animals' body condition resulted in the most relevant risk factor, mainly for gastro-intestinal strongyles, since those with a poor body condition were associated with a higher prevalence of parasites. Environmental factors resulted, importantly, in influencing the diffusion of many groups of parasites, with the wet season being more favorable for parasite transmission. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the parasite dynamics in this specific context and suggest the use of a BCS for the implementation of targeted treatments for the most parasitized animals. Parasitic diseases are a major impediment to livestock production worldwide. However, knowledge about the epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites in many low-income countries is still limited. An epidemiological survey on these parasites in traditionally reared cattle was performed in central Ethiopia (West Shewa Zone), from September 2019 to November 2021. Overall, 691 samples were analyzed qualitatively (flotation technique) and quantitatively (McMaster technique) to detect helminth eggs and Eimeria oocysts. Furthermore, coprocultures were conducted on pooled samples to identify the genera of gastrointestinal strongyles (GIS). The difference in prevalence according to agroecology, season, age, sex and body condition score (BCS) was investigated using univariable tests and through a multivariable logistic regression analysis, whereas abundance values were interpreted using a descriptive approach. The highest prevalence values were observed for GIS (50.2%) and Eimeria spp. (36.0%), whereas Moniezia spp. (16.3%), Strongyloides spp. (5.1%) and Schistosoma spp. (4.2%) showed lower values. Trichuris spp. and Toxocara vitulorum were sporadically found. A coproculture revealed that Haemonchus spp. (34.6%), Trichostrongylus spp. (25.9%) and Bunostomum spp. (19.1%) were the most frequent genera of GIS. A poor BCS was strongly associated with the occurrence of GIS, while seasonal variations were detected for Eimeria spp., GIS, Moniezia spp. and Schistosoma spp., with a higher prevalence and burden during the rainy season, and agroecology also strongly influenced different parasitic taxa. This present study increases the knowledge about the epidemiological features of gastrointestinal parasites in the context of a low-income country, suggesting a more tailored approach for their control. The use of a BCS as an indicator for the selective treatment of highly infested animals is supported by our findings, introducing a possible way to prevent anthelmintic resistance in areas where basic diagnostic services are rarely used by farmers.