Outward Foreign Direct Investment, Restructuring and Performance Upgrading: Firm-level Evidence from Portugal

This article assesses the causal relationship between outward foreign direct investment (FDI) and various sides of firm performance, using micro data from Portuguese manufacturing firms during 2006-2014. To control for the possible endogeneity of outward FDI strategies, propensity score matching is combined with difference-in-difference approach. Our analysis shows that the learning effects for parent firms in Portuguese manufacturing depend on the underlying outward FDI strategy. The findings suggest that outward FDI could contribute to enhance firms' productivity and their scale of operations. However, those learning effects seem to be mostly visible when firms engage in vertical outward FDI. Further, outward FDI, vertical or horizontal, appears to enhance the integration of Portuguese firms into the global economy through increased export intensity. From a managerial and policy perspective, the findings support the argument that outward FDI can indeed be at root of upgrading performance and firm's restructuring in a small, open and peripheral economy such as Portugal.