Hepatitis C virus vaccine development: old challenges and new opportunities

Hepatitis C virus(HCV), an enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, can cause chronic and end-stage liver diseases. Approximately 185 million people worldwide are infected with HCV. Tremendous progress has been achieved in the therapeutics of chronic hepatitis C thanks to the development of direct-acting antiviral agents(DAAs), but the worldwide use of these highly efective DAAs is limited due to their high treatment cost. In addition, drug-resistance mutations remain a potential problem as DAAs are becoming a standard therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Unfortunately, no vaccine is available for preventing new HCV infection. herefore, HCV still imposes a big threat to human public health, and the worldwide eradication of HCV is critically dependent on an efective HCV vaccine. In this review, we summarize recent progresses on HCV vaccine development and present our views on the rationale and strategy to develop an efective HCV vaccine.