Introducing Resilience Outcome Expectations Scale: Development and Initial Validation

This paper is the first to develop a tool to measure Resilience Outcome Expectations (ROE) quantitatively. ROE is defined as the belief in achieving positive adaptation results through one's action despite an adversarial experience. Extensive research has established the importance of resilience and outcome expectations (OEs) separately. However, no study has exclusively examined the contributions of OEs in resilience, making ROE an unexplored area of research. The ROE scale items were generated using a deductive approach, which involved reviewing the literature and assessing existing related scales relevant to the topic. The COVID-19 pandemic was considered the context of adversity for this scale development study. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed a single-factor accounting for 58.5% of the variance, further supported by parallel analysis. Cronbach's alpha value of .87 indicated good internal consistency. Twenty-two expert evaluations confirmed the face and content validity of the ROE scale. Furthermore, computations of the content validity index (CVI) and kappa statistic (K) determined high content validity quantitatively. While further validation and confirmation of the scale's factor structure are required, the initial testing of the ROE tool has shown promising psychometric properties. Accordingly, the scale may be utilized by future ROE researchers.