Efficacy of Stand- Alone Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion With PEEK Cages, BMP-2, and Allografts for Treating Discogenic Low Back Pain: Assessing Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes

Background: Chronic low back pain secondary to degenerative disc disease is a significant public health issue worldwide, contributing to substantial health care burdens and patient disability. Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) has emerged as a promising surgical solution, offering benefits such as disc height restoration, reduced neural compression, and improved spinal alignment. This study evaluates the efficacy of stand- alone ALIF using polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages, structural femoral head allografts, and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein- 2 (rhBMP-2) in treating discogenic low back pain caused by degenerative disc disease. Methods: This prospective case series study included 1335 patients who underwent stand- alone ALIF by a single surgeon. The surgical construct involved PEEK cages with structural femoral allograft dowels and rhBMP-2, supplemented by anterior fixation. Patient- reported outcome measures, including the visual analog scale for back and leg pain, the Oswestry Disability Index, the Roland- Morris Disability Questionnaire, and patient satisfaction, were monitored over 12 months. Results: The overall fusion rate was 99.6%, with pseudoarthrosis occurring in 0.2% of patients. Lower fusion rates were observed in patients older than 65 years and those using the Brantigan cage. Significant improvements were seen in visual analog scale for back and leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index, and Roland- Morris Disability Questionnaire scores from baseline, with most scores exceeding the substantial clinical benefit thresholds. More than 85% of patients reported "Excellent" or "Good" outcomes. Conclusions: Stand- alone ALIF, augmented with rhBMP-2 and structural femoral head allografts, can enhance mechanical stability, fusion rates, and radiographic assessment. This integrated approach achieves successful spinal fusion and positive clinical outcomes for patients with refractory discogenic low back pain. Clinical Relevance: Stand- alone ALIF with PEEK cages, structural femoral head allografts, and rhBMP-2 demonstrates high fusion rates and significant clinical improvements in patients with discogenic low back pain. This approach enhances spinal stability and promotes biological healing, making it a reliable and effective surgical option.