Optimization model for tram departure interval and multi-path traffic signal coordination control

Efficient coordination between tram operation and traffic signal control is significantly critical for improving urban multi-modal traffic system mobility. This study proposes an innovative optimization model for tram departure intervals and multi-modal multi-path traffic signal coordination, promoting general traffic efficiency and tram stability and reliability. The tram signal priority frequency is mathematically analyzed according to tram timetables and signal control schemes. An optimization method for tram departure intervals and signal cycles is proposed to minimize tram signal priority frequency and adapt to diverse traffic conditions at intersections. Based on the optimized results, a multi-modal multi-path coordinated signal control model is developed to maximize the general traffic green wave bandwidth and ensure tram smooth passages at intersections. Case studies conducted in a numerical network and Dresden network verify the proposed method outperforms traditional methods.