Anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of royal jelly against polystyrene microplastic-induced testicular injury in mice

Objective(s): In recent years, microplastics (MPs), which are novel environmental contaminants measuring 5 mm in diameter, have garnered considerable attention. However, information regarding substances that can mitigate the dangers of MPs for animals remains extremely limited. Materials and Methods: Ninety days were devoted to the exposure of mature male mice to royal jelly (RJ) and 2 mu m virgin polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) in this study. Pre-implantation embryo development; the structure of testis tissue; the gonadosomatic index; sperm parameters; RNA damage in germinal cells; the anti-oxidant capacity of the entire testis; and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in serum and testicular tissue, including TAC, SOD dismutase, CAT, GSH, and MDA, histomorphometric indices of the testis (tubular differentiation index, spermatogenesis index, and repopulation index), steroidogenic foci, and the quantity of apoptosis were assessed in the testis, respectively, through the measurement of pro-apoptosis (p53, Bax, and Caspase-3) and anti-apoptosis (Bcl-2) factors, as well as Hsp70 mediator. Results: The results indicate that concurrent administration of RJ can confer a protective effect on mice exposed to microplastics by maintaining the structure of mitochondria and enhancement of the anti-oxidant defense system. Furthermore, RJ co-treatment decreased apoptosis and oxidant/antioxidant status, enhanced pre-implantation embryo development, and improved sperm characteristics and RNA damage in germ cells. Conclusion: The data confirm that royal jelly could protect the testis structure against polystyrene microplastic-induced testicular injury through anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.