MoO3/Au/Ag/MoO3 multilayer transparent electrode enables high light utilization of semitransparent perovskite solar cells

Semitransparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs) for building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) face the challenge of achieving a high light utilization efficiency (LUE), which is determined by the balance between the average visible transmittance (AVT) and power conversion efficiency (PCE). The achievement of high conductivity and transparency in the transparent electrode, as well as a compatible band gap and thickness of the perovskite layer, is essential for addressing this issue. Herein, we introduced a 1-nm-thick Au seed layer to regulate the permeation threshold and formed a dense Au/Ag thin film, leading to a MoO3/Au/Ag/MoO3 multi- layer electrode with high transmittance and low resistance. By optimizing the film thickness of perovskite with a band gap of 1.66 eV, the ST-PSCs achieved a high superior PCE of 18% and AVT of 17.97% using oxide/metal/oxide (OMO)-based transparent top electrodes, with a LUE of 3.23%, reaching 95% of the simulated value.