Relationships Between Neighborhood Disadvantage, Race/Ethnicity, and Neurobehavioral Symptoms Among Veterans With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Objective:To examine the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and severity of vestibular, sensory, mood-behavioral, and cognitive neurobehavioral symptoms among Veterans with a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI); and whether Veterans in underrepresented racial/ethnic groups with high neighborhood disadvantage experience the most severe symptoms.Setting:Outpatient Veterans Health Administration (VHA).Participants:Veterans with the following data available in the electronic health record (2014-2020): (1) clinician-confirmed mTBI and complete neurobehavioral symptom inventory (NSI) as part of their comprehensive traumatic brain injury evaluation (CTBIE) and (2) area deprivation index (ADI) scores assessing neighborhood disadvantage from the same quarter as their CTBIE.Design:Retrospective cohort study. Latent variable regression was used to examine unique and interactive relationships between neighborhood disadvantage, race/ethnicity, and neurobehavioral symptoms.Main Measures:NSI and ADI national percentile rank.Results:The study included 58 698 eligible Veterans. Relative to Veterans in the first quintile of ADI national percentile rank, representing those with the least neighborhood disadvantage, Veterans in the ADI quintiles indicating greater neighborhood disadvantage reported more severe vestibular, sensory, mood-behavioral, and cognitive symptoms. The strongest associations between neighborhood disadvantage and neurobehavioral symptoms were observed within the sensory (beta = 0.07-0.16) and mood-behavioral domains (beta = 0.06-0.15). Statistical interactions indicated that the association between underrepresented racial/ethnic group status (vs. identifying as white, non-Hispanic) and the severity of neurobehavioral symptoms did not differ among those with severe neighborhood disadvantage versus those without.Conclusion:Veterans with mTBI living in more disadvantaged neighborhoods reported more severe neurobehavioral symptoms relative to those in the most advantaged neighborhoods, with the strongest relationships detected within the sensory and mood-behavioral domains. While neighborhood disadvantage and underrepresented race/ethnicity were both independently associated with symptoms, these factors did not interact to produce more severe symptoms. Findings suggest that addressing factors driving socioeconomic disadvantage may assist in mitigating symptoms in this population.