Systematic pharmacology and experimental validation to elucidate the inflammation-associated mechanism of Huanglian Wendan (HLWD) decoction in the treatment of MAFLD associated with atherosclerosis

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and atherosclerosis are very common disorders that frequently coexist. The therapeutic efficacy of Huanglian Wendan (HLWD) decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, is satisfactory in treating MAFLD associated with atherosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanisms through which HLWD exerts its effects need to be elucidated. Given the complex composition of HLWD and its multiple therapeutic targets, pharmacological investigation is challenging. Aim of this study: This study aimed to identify the effective compounds in HLWD and elucidate the mechanisms involved in its therapeutic effect on MAFLD associated with atherosclerosis. Materials and methods: We used a systematic pharmacology method to identify effective compounds present in HLWD and determine the mechanism by which it affects MAFLD associated with atherosclerosis. The effective components of HLWD were identified through ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-q exactive-orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). Next, a comprehensive in silico method was used to predict potential related targets and disease targets for these compounds to establish corresponding pathways. The accuracy of our assumed systemic pharmacology results was determined by conducting follow-up experiments. Results: By conducting UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS combined with network analysis, we identified 18 potentially active components of HLWD and assessed the inflammatory regulatory mechanism by which it affects MAFLD associated with atherosclerosis on the basis of 52 key targets. We used a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFHC)-induced mice model of MAFLD associated with atherosclerosis to confirm our results. We found that administering HLWD significantly improved the appearance of their liver and reduced their body weight, liver weight, blood lipids, hepatic damage, and hepatic pathology. HLWD also decreased atherosclerotic lesion areas, foam cells, and inflammatory cells in the aorta. HLWD showed anti-inflammatory effects, suppressed M1 polarization, and promoted M2 polarization in the liver and aorta. HLWD might also regulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR gamma)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappa B) signaling to influence macrophage polarization and inflammation. Conclusions: Our results showed that HLWD protected against HFHC diet-induced MAFLD associated with atherosclerosis by regulating PPAR gamma/NF-kappa B signaling, thus adjusting macrophage polarization and inflammation. Additionally, pharmacochemistry research, network pharmacology analysis, and experimental verification can be combined to form a comprehensive model used in studies on TCM.