Fostering physical activity motivation at substance use disorder treatment facilities: A qualitative study grounded in self-determination theory

Background and aims: Studies have found inconclusive results for the effects of physical activity (PA) interventions on substance use, mental health, and physiological health of people experiencing substance use disorders (SUDs). To improve PA interventions for individuals with SUDs, a deeper understanding of the underlying motivational processes is imperative. This study employs self-determination theory as a framework to explore factors impacting PA motivation in SUD treatment contexts. Methods: A qualitative research design utilising semi-structured interviews explored the experiences and perspectives of five people with lived or living experience of SUD treatment and five stakeholders within SUD treatment facilities across Western Australia. A reflexive thematic analysis was employed for the data analysis. Results: Five themes were developed: (i) Belonging to a Community, describing the sense of community fostered by group PA (ii) Mind, Body, and Soul, outlining the impact of PA on mental and physical well-being and sense of self; (iii) Physical Activity and Recovery Integration, describing how structured PA supports individuals transitioning from SUD treatment to community environments, (iv) Goals and Rewards, illustrating how setting goals fosters a sense of accomplishment, and (v) Safe Space, describing the importance of creating safe environments for PA exploration. Conclusion: Insights gained from this study could be used to design PA interventions that address individuals' basic psychological needs and promote more autonomous motivation while fostering peer connections, PA knowledge, and independence. These implementations may lead to greater PA engagement and adherence.