Review of science, technology, and innovation management in the defense sector

The rapid advancement of technology presents significant challenges for military forces, necessitating the strategic management of Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) in the defense sector. Effective STI management is essential for enhancing competitiveness, adapting to emerging threats, and strengthening national security and operational capabilities. This article aims to analyze the STI management mechanisms employed in various countries, with a specific focus on Colombia, to evaluate their impact on national security, technological development, and strategic adaptability. A comprehensive bibliographic review was conducted, encompassing scientific literature, government documents, and technical reports from various armed forces. Recent and reputable sources were prioritized to identify and compare STI management mechanisms across 23 countries and two international organizations (EDA and NATO). The analysis revealed that STI management in defense is primarily structured through national development plans, security and defense strategies, and STI policies. Among the countries studied, there is a clear trend toward consolidating innovation strategies with dual-use applications that benefit both military and civilian sectors. Spain stands out with six integrated instruments, while Colombia has made notable strides in achieving strategic alignment within its defense sector. STI is a cornerstone for modernization and operational efficiency in the defense sector, positioning itself as a transformative axis for security and industrial development. To remain competitive on the global stage and address contemporary security challenges effectively, Colombia must continue to strengthen its R&D&I capabilities.