Potential Benefits of Bioactive Compounds from Seaweed Extracts: Their Prospects and Pharmacological Promises

Seaweeds are considered a surplus resource of a few distinct metabolic compounds with multiple health advantages, their major involvement in food and commercial supplies. The protective efficacy of algal metabolites against oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired proteostasis is supported by their pharmacological properties, which include antioxidant, anti-proliferation, and antimicrobial effects. In this study, the amounts of phytochemical elements, as well as the antiproliferation and antimicrobial efficiencies of various extracts of marine green seaweed Codium decorticatum, brown seaweed Dityota dichotoma, and red seaweed Amphiroa fragilissima, were assessed. The PC12 cell line of MTT test and cell cycle analysis were employed in the cytotoxicity research, while GC-MS and FT-IR analyses were utilized to detect phytocompounds and bioactive groups. The anti-bacterial activity, Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations, and minimal bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations against four positive pathogenic bacteria and two fungi were ascertained using the agar well-diffusion and micro-dilution methods. A. fragilissima seaweed extract in methanolic form has demonstrated greatest antimicrobial activity against the pathogens under investigation. The MBC/MFC ranges are from 0.38 mu g/mL to 12.5 mu g/mL and the MIC varied from 0.19 mu g/mL to 6.08 mu g/mL. Phyto-chemical examination showed the occurrence of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenolics, tannins, terpenes, and cardiac glycosides in given samples of the examined seaweed extracts. The only A. fragilissima extract that included flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, and glycosides was the methanolic extract. In GC-MS, the A. fragilissima seaweed extract in methanol showed 10 major peaks. A significant cytotoxicity, as evidenced by an IC50 cell viability of 49.97% at the lowest dosage of 31.2 mu g/mL. The anti-neuronal and antimicrobial activity of A. fragilissima methanolic seaweed extract was superior to those of other extracts and even conventional drugs. The results indicate that further investigation into this seaweed could be able to reveal biological molecules that are active for the future growth of the biomedical sector.