Artificial intelligence's current involvement in urology and future implementation in clinical environments

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a set of computational methods that interprets the data given, uncovers the underlying patterns associated with the complexity of data, and provides the prediction of outcomes that have become increasingly relevant in urology. The current application of AI in urology predominately focuses on disease diagnosis and risk factor analysis in urologic oncology and male infertility. While many candidate models have been proposed in the literature, efforts to construct clinically meaningful data by incorporating patient-specific and multidisciplinary approaches should be carried out to improve the clinical applicability of AI in driving personalised treatment planning and disease prognosis. Looking forward, AI has the potential to drive targeted training in urology, from surgical techniques to patient-specific surgical procedure simulation, in combination with other technologies such as augmented reality. In order to achieve this, patient involvement should be considered in the model development stage, which also addresses issues surrounding the ethical deployment of AI in the clinical environment. It is possible to see AI playing a collaborative role with surgeons in improving clinical efficiency in the future.Level of evidence: Not Applicable