The Use of Trichoderma spp. for the Bioconversion of Agro-Industrial Waste Biomass via Fermentation: A Review

The genus Trichoderma is widely recognized for its ability to secrete lignocellulosic enzymes, establishing it as a crucial technological resource for the bioconversion of agro-industrial waste biomass via fermentation. This review explores the potential of utilizing lignocellulosic waste from diverse industries as a sustainable nutrient source for producing Trichoderma spp. and various desirable metabolites via fermentation. Significant emphasis is placed on the enzymatic activities of Trichoderma species in two critical stages of second-generation biofuel production. Firstly, in the pre-treatment stage to break down complex polysaccharides of lignocellulosic biomass, thereby enhancing production efficiency and yield, and, secondly, during the hydrolysis process to produce fermentable sugars essential for biofuel production. Additionally, this review discusses other applications of Trichoderma fermentation, such as enhancing animal feedstock nutrition and employing its spores as biocontrol agents. Ongoing research efforts are directed at optimizing fermentation protocols, identifying suitable waste substrates, and genetic manipulation of strains to enhance the economic viability of Trichoderma's biotechnological applications. This manuscript contributes to the field of circular biotechnology by offering a detailed review of recent progress on the integration of agro-industrial waste materials in Trichoderma-based bioconversion technologies, highlighting both current achievements and future research directions necessary to enhance the economic and environmental sustainability of waste biomass utilization.